一、图像基础知识

1.图像基本概念

  • 图像是由像素点组成的,每个像素点的取值范围为:[0, 255](无符号整型,8bytes)。像素值越接近于0,颜色越暗,越接近于黑色;像素值越接近于255,颜色越亮,接近于白色。
  • 在深度学习中,我们使用的图像大多是彩色图,彩色图由RGB3个通道组成

2.图像的加载

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

img1 = np.zeros([200, 300, 3]) # 全0,黑色图像
plt.imshow(img1)
plt.show()

img2 = np.full([200, 300, 3], 255) # 白色图像
plt.imshow(img2)
plt.show()

img3 = np.full([200, 300, 3], 128) # 灰色图像
plt.imshow(img3)
plt.show()

二、CNN

  • 卷积神经网络 是含有卷积层的神经网络,卷积层的作用就是用来自动学习,提取图像的特征

  • CNN网络主要由三部分构成:卷积层,池化层和全连接层

    • 卷积层负责提取图像中的局部特征
    • 池化层用来大幅降低参数量级(降维)
    • 全连接层用来输出想要的结果

1.卷积层

(1)卷积计算

  1. input 表示输入的图像
  2. filter表示卷积核,也叫做卷积核(滤波矩阵)
  3. input经过filter得到输出为最右侧的图像,该图叫做特征图
  • 卷积运算本质就是在卷积核和输入数据的局部区域间做点积

(2)Padding

通过上面的卷积计算过程,最终的特征图比原始图像小很多,如果想要保持经过卷积后的图像大小不变,可以在原图像周围添加padding来实现

(3)多通道卷积计算

  • 卷积核的高、宽是超参数,通道是由输入来决定的

(4)特征图大小

输出特征图的大小和以下参数息息相关:

  1. size:卷积核/过滤器大小,一般会选择奇数,比如有1×11\times11×13×33\times33×35×55\times55×5
  2. Padding:零填充的方式
  3. Stride:步长

计算方式:

  1. 输入图像的大小:W×WW\times WW×W
  2. 卷积核大小:F×FF\times FF×F
  3. StrideStrideStride SSS
  4. PaddingPaddingPadding SSS
  5. 输出图像大小:N×NN\times NN×N
  6. N=W−F+2PS+1N = \frac{W-F+2P}{S}+ 1N=SWF+2P+1

(5)API

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

img = plt.imread(r"F:\Maker\Learn_Systematically\6_Deep_learning\3_Convolutional_Neural_Networks_CNN\Meeting_at_the_Peak.jpg")
print(img.shape) # [H, W, C]

img = torch.tensor(img).permute(2, 0, 1)   # [H, W, C]--->[C, H, W]

img = img.to(torch.float32).unsqueeze(0) # [C, H, W]--->[B, C, H, W]
print(img.shape)

layer = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=3, out_channels=5, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride = 1, padding=0)
fm = layer(img)
print(fm.shape)   # (W - Kernel_size + 2Padding) / Stride + 1

输出结果:

(5760, 2912, 3)
torch.Size([1, 3, 5760, 2912])
torch.Size([1, 5, 5758, 2910])

2.池化层

  • 池化层(Pooling)降低维度,缩减模型大小,提高计算速度
  • 池化过程不会改变特征的通道数
  • 分为两种:最大池化和平均池化

(1)API

"""最大池化"""
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size = 2, stride = 2, padding = 1)

"""平均池化"""
nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size = 2, stride = 1, padding = 0)
A、单通道
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

inputs = torch.tensor([[[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]]]).float()
print(inputs.shape)

pooling = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride = 1, padding=0)
print(pooling(inputs))

pooling = nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=1, padding=0)
print(pooling(inputs))
B、多通道
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

inputs = torch.tensor([[[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]],
                       [[10, 20, 30], [40, 50, 60], [70, 80, 90]],
                       [[11, 22, 33], [44, 55, 66], [77, 88, 99]]]).float()
print(inputs.shape)

pooling = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride = 1, padding=0)
print(pooling(inputs))

pooling = nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=1, padding=0)
print(pooling(inputs))

三、卷积神经网络案例

我们需要搭建的网络结果如下:

  1. 输入形状:32×3232\times 3232×32
  2. 第一个卷积层输入3个Channel,输出6个Channel,kernel Size为3×33\times 33×3
  3. 第一个池化层输入30×3030\times3030×30,输出15×1515\times1515×15,Kernel Size为2×22\times22×2,Strides为:2
  4. 第二个卷积层输入6个Channel,输出16个Channel,kernel Size为3×33\times 33×3
  5. 第二个池化层输入13×1313\times1313×13,输出6×66\times66×6,Kernel Size为2×22\times22×2,Strides为:2
  6. 第一个全连接层输入576维,输出120维
  7. 第二个全连接层输入120维,输出84维
  8. 最后的输出层输入84维,输出10维

在每个卷积计算之后应用relu激活函数来给网络增加非线性因素

构建网络代码实现如下:

import matplotlib
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader

matplotlib.use('Agg')  # 解决兼容性问题
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from torchvision.datasets import CIFAR10
from torchvision.transforms import Compose, ToTensor
import torch.nn as nn
import torch
from torchsummary import summary

# 加载数据集
train_data = CIFAR10(root='data', train=True, transform=Compose([ToTensor()]), download=True)
test_data = CIFAR10(root='data', train=False, transform=Compose([ToTensor()]), download=True)

# 查看数据集信息
print(train_data.data.shape)
print(test_data.data.shape)
print(train_data.classes)
print(train_data.class_to_idx)

# 显示图像
plt.imshow(train_data.data[100])
plt.savefig('cifar_image.png')  # 保存图像到文件
plt.close()

# 如果需要在控制台查看图像路径
print("图像已保存至: cifar_image.png")

"""模型构建"""


class imgClassification(nn.Module):
    # 初始化
    def __init__(self):
        super(imgClassification, self).__init__()
        self.layer1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=3, out_channels=6, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.pooling1 = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0)
        self.layer2 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=6, out_channels=16, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=0)
        self.pooling2 = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0)
        self.layer3 = nn.Linear(in_features=576, out_features=120)
        self.layer4 = nn.Linear(in_features=120, out_features=84)
        self.out = nn.Linear(in_features=84, out_features=10)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = torch.relu(self.layer1(x))
        x = self.pooling1(x)
        x = torch.relu(self.layer2(x))
        x = self.pooling2(x)
        x = torch.reshape(x, [x.size(0), -1])
        x = torch.relu(self.layer3(x))
        x = torch.relu(self.layer4(x))
        out = self.out(x)
        return out


# 实例化
model = imgClassification()
summary(model, input_size=(3, 32, 32), batch_size=1)

"""模型训练"""


def train():
    pass
    # 损失函数
    cri = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
    # 优化器
    optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr = 0.001, betas=(0.9, 0.99))
    # 遍历每个轮次
    epochs = 10
    loss_mean = []
    for epoch in range(epochs):
        dataloader = DataLoader(dataset=train_data, batch_size=2, shuffle=True)
        loss_sum = 0
        sample = 0.1
    # 每隔遍历
        for x, y in dataloader:
            y_pre = model(x)
            loss = cri(y_pre, y)
            loss_sum += loss.item()
            sample += 1

            optimizer.zero_grad()
            loss.backward()
            optimizer.step()
            break
        loss_mean.append(loss_sum /sample)
        print(loss_sum / sample)

    print('-'*50)
    print(loss_mean)
    # 保存模型权重
    torch.save(model.state_dict(), r'F:\Maker\Learn_Systematically\6_Deep_learning'
                                   r'\3_Convolutional_Neural_Networks_CNN\model.pth')


train()

输出结果:

(50000, 32, 32, 3)
(10000, 32, 32, 3)
['airplane', 'automobile', 'bird', 'cat', 'deer', 'dog', 'frog', 'horse', 'ship', 'truck']
{'airplane': 0, 'automobile': 1, 'bird': 2, 'cat': 3, 'deer': 4, 'dog': 5, 'frog': 6, 'horse': 7, 'ship': 8, 'truck': 9}
图像已保存至: cifar_image.png
----------------------------------------------------------------
        Layer (type)               Output Shape         Param #
================================================================
            Conv2d-1             [1, 6, 30, 30]             168
         MaxPool2d-2             [1, 6, 15, 15]               0
            Conv2d-3            [1, 16, 13, 13]             880
         MaxPool2d-4              [1, 16, 6, 6]               0
            Linear-5                   [1, 120]          69,240
            Linear-6                    [1, 84]          10,164
            Linear-7                    [1, 10]             850
================================================================
Total params: 81,302
Trainable params: 81,302
Non-trainable params: 0
----------------------------------------------------------------
Input size (MB): 0.01
Forward/backward pass size (MB): 0.08
Params size (MB): 0.31
Estimated Total Size (MB): 0.40
----------------------------------------------------------------
2.1190285682678223
2.0913889191367407
2.1235652403397993
2.134627428921786
2.109860506924716
2.0705240423029116
2.112814729863947
2.0445303483442827
2.124096263538707
2.1400482004339043
--------------------------------------------------
[2.1190285682678223, 2.0913889191367407, 2.1235652403397993, 2.134627428921786, 2.109860506924716, 2.0705240423029116, 2.112814729863947, 2.0445303483442827, 2.124096263538707, 2.1400482004339043]
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